ERA Four developments COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

Can not be denied that one of the main causes of the occurrence of the coming era of globalization is faster than all of the allegations was that the rapid development of information technology. Implementation of the Internet, electronic commerce, electronic data interchange, virtual office, telemedicine, intranet, and others have been through the physical boundaries between countries. Merger between telecommunications with computer technology have produced a revolution in the field of information systems. Data or information on the antiquity must take many days to be processed before sent to the other side of the world, this can be done in seconds.

Not excessive when one of the IBM experts with the development of automotive as follows: "if the world of automotive experience fast progress of information technology, at this time could have produced a car based diesel fuel, which can be run maximum speed up to 10,000 km / hr, with the purchase price only about 1 U.S. dollar! ". The micro, there are enough interesting things to learn, that is how the evolution of information technology have significantly affect competition between companies in the world, especially in the services sector. In general, there are four periods or eras of information system development, starting from the first computer to found at this time. Fourth era is (Cash et.al., 1992) occurred not only because it triggered by the development of computer technology in such a rapid, but also supported by new theories about the modern management of the company. Management experts and organizations such as Peter Drucker, Michael Hammer, Porter, is coloring the views of the management of information technology in the modern era. It is therefore understandable that many companies, especially in developing countries (third world), which is still difficult new theories on management, organization, and information technology because it is still stick factors local culture or behavior that affect the local resources human beings. Not so often wonder if I still found the company with computer equipment that modern, but is still used as instruments of administrative notabene use of the computer era is the first in the world in the early 1960s.

ERA computerization
This period begins around 1960 when the Mainframe and mini computer companies like IBM introduced to the industry. Ability to calculate quickly cause such a lot of companies that utilize for the purpose of data processing (data processing). Use of computers in this period aimed to increase efficiency, as proven to work, the computer is much more efficient (in terms of time and cost) compared with hiring in tens HR for similar things. In the era, the atmosphere has not been seen in such a tight competition. The number of companies are still relatively small. Most of the large companies are not direct "monopolize certain markets, because there are no competitors that means. Almost all large companies are moving in the field of infrastructure (electricity and telecommunications) and mining at the time to buy computer equipment to assist the day-to-day administration. Organization needs the most time on the computer when it is back to the administration office, mainly related to accounting and finance. On the other hand, the ability to do the calculation Mainframe complex also used to help companies complete the problem-technical operational problem, such as simulation-simulation calculations on the mining and manufacturing industries.

ERA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Advances in technology combined with a digital telecommunications have brought the computer to enter the time-period of "revolution"-it. In the early 1970's, technology, PC or Personal Computer was introduced as an alternative start of a mini computer. With a set of computers that can be put in the work table (desktop), a manager or engineers can obtain data or information which have been processed by the computer (with a speed that is almost the same as the speed of a mini computer, even Mainframe). Use computers in the company not only to improve efficiency, but more of a process to support a more effective workplace. Unlike in the era of computerization where the computer only to "private property" Division EDP (Electronic Data Processing)
company, in this era of both individuals in the organization can take advantage of computer sophistication, such as to prepare a database, spreadsheet, and data processing (end-user computing). Computer usage among the company's increasingly popularity, especially with the supported nature of competition has changed from monopoli a free market. Indirectly, the company has been utilizing computer technology is very efficient and effective than companies that are still part of the process is managed manually. In the era of the computer enters this new phase, namely as a facility that can provide competitive advantage for companies, especially those engaged in the service or services.

Theories of modern management organization started intensively introduced in the early 1980s. One theory of the most learned and applied is about the management changes (change management). Almost all the theoretical framework of change management emphasized the importance of information technology as one of the main components that must be considered by companies that want to win in business competition. Unlike the two previous era that put more emphasis on the elements of technology, in this era of change management that is more emphasized information system, where computer and information technology is a component of the system. The key to the success of companies in the era of 1980s is the creation and control of information quickly and accurately. Information in the company as dianalogikan blood circulation in the blood of man which must always flow with the regular, rapid, ongoing, to places that need it (strategic). Emphasized by some management experts, that informasilah of the company that has competitive advantage in the macro environment "regulated free market." In this period, the philosophical change from the traditional company to a modern company located on the management to see how the performance of key companies. Traditional organizational structure of the company see as the key measurement of performance, so that everything is measured based on the hierarchical divisions or departments. In modern organizational theory, where free competition has caused customers must choose the clever-clever and diverse products in the market, the creation of products or services (the provision of services) to customers is a key company performance. This condition is often associated with the management of the terms such as "market driven" or "customer base company" is essentially the same, namely the company's performance will be assessed from the satisfaction of customers. It is clear in the new format of competition, the role of computers and information technology, which combined with other components such as processes, procedures, organizational structure, human resources, corporate culture, management, and other related components, in the form of better information systems, is one of the key strategic success of the company.

Can not be denied that customer satisfaction lies in the quality of services. Basically, a customer in selecting the product or service need, the company will seek to sell products or services: cheaper (cheaper), better (better), and faster (faster). Is the role of information systems as a major component in providing competitive benefits of the company. Therefore, the key to the performance of the company is in the process that occurs both in the company (back office) and the jog directly with customers (front office). With the focus on the creation process (business process) is efficient, effective, and are okay with a company will have a reliable performance. No wonder that in the era of 1980 until the early 1990s to many companies that make BPR (BusinessProcess Reengineering), structural, implementation of ISO-9000, TQM implementation, installation and
the corporate information systems (SAP, Oracle, BAAN), and others. Utilization of information technology looks very dominate in every program management changes made companies

Era of globalization INFORMATION
Many books that have not explicitly enter the last era in the history of the evolution of information technology. The phenomenon is visible is that since mid-1980s, the development of the field of information technology (computers and telecommunications) in such a rapid, so that if the graphic is described, the progress that's going to be exponentially. When an international seminar on the Internet held in San Francisco in 1996, information technology practitioners who previously worked together in research to introduce the Internet to the industry is fairly claim that they never suspect the internet will be like this. Ibaratnya they see that the seed is planted tree magic, which suddenly split itself into a giant tree of the high-pitched. Difficult to found a theory that can explain all the phenomena that occurred since the early 1990s, but the fact that there could be as follows:
Nothing can hold lajunya development of information technology. Existence has been a border-line between the countries in terms of information flow. There is no country that is able to prevent flowing information from or to foreign countries, because of restrictions between countries is not known in the virtual world of computer. Application of technologies such as LAN, WAN, GlobalNet, Intranet, Internet, Ekstranet, the day the more evenly and be entrenched in the community. Proven very difficult to determine the appropriate legal device and effective to prevent all things related to the creation and flow of information. Companies had also not bound by the limits of physical again. Through the virtual world of computer, someone can find customers in the whole society of the world connected to the Internet network. Difficult to count the amount of money or investment that flows freely through the Internet network. Trade transactions can easily be done in cyberspace through electronic transaction with the draw electronic money.
Not rare that the company must eventually return defines the vision and mission of the business, especially a romp in the field of services. Convenience-ease of the device offered a sophisticated information technology has changed the management company so that the mindset is not that rare company change stir work other sectors. For third world countries or the developing, dilemmas about the use of information technology greatly felt. A hand in many companies are not ready because the structure of culture or to its human resources, while at the other big investment should be issued for purchase of information technology devices. Does not have information technology, does not mean the company can compete with other multi-national, alias must roll mats.

The last thing most of the management puzzle is the fact that the business environment in which there is currently such a dynamic and often changed. Changes that occur not only as the impact that such a tight competition, but because of external factors such as political (democracy), economic (the crisis), social, cultural (reform), which does not directly result in policies and new regulations the company must be obeyed. Operationally, of course, this phenomenon is very difficult for practitioners of information technology in preparing the system. Not rare in the middle of the construction of information systems, change occurs so that the needs analysis should be held back against the system that will be built. With the look of this, clearly visible akan needs new information technology that is suitable for the company, the technology is capable of adaptive change. Practitioners of the challenges ahead with the products, application-based objects, such as oop (Object Oriented Programming), OODBMS (Object Oriented Database Management System), Object Technology, Distributed Object, and so forth.

CHANGES AS paradigm TERMS
From fourth on the era, seen how the nature of competition and progress in information technology since used in the computer industry, to the closely related and the other one. Entering the century of information means to enter the world with new technology, information technology. Practice of information technology means seoptimum may need to change mindset. Changing mindset is very difficult to do, basically because "people do not like to change". If the current world advanced and neighboring countries Indonesia already has a special commitment to take part in the creation of the components of information system, how about Indonesia? Still want to become a consumer country? Or have become a country capable of producing? At least, that there must be first in every human is a willingness to change. Without a "willingness to change", is very imposible of Indonesia could take advantage of information technology to rebuild a nation destroyed swallowed a crisis at this time.